Mu itangazo rikomeye ku mugoroba wo ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2023, hashyizwe ahagaragara igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki mu mwaka wa 2023, gishimangira uruhare rukomeye rw’abahanga batatu bagize uruhare rukomeye nk’abapayiniya mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga rya attosecond.

Ijambo "laser ya attosecond" rikura izina ryaryo mugihe gito kidasanzwe gikora, cyane cyane muburyo bwa attosekond, bihuye n'amasegonda 10 ^ -18. Kugirango usobanukirwe nubusobanuro bwimbitse bwikoranabuhanga, gusobanukirwa kwibanze kubyo attosekond isobanura nibyingenzi. Atosekond ihagaze nkigice cyumunota urenze urugero, igizwe na miliyari imwe ya miliyari ya masegonda mugihe cyagutse cyisegonda imwe. Kugira ngo tubyerekane neza, niba dushaka kugereranya isegonda n'umusozi muremure, attosekond yaba imeze nk'ingano imwe y'umucanga iba munsi yumusozi. Muri iyi ntera yigihe gito, ndetse numucyo ntushobora kunyura intera ihwanye nubunini bwa atom kugiti cye. Binyuze mu gukoresha lazeri ya attosecond, abahanga bunguka ubushobozi butigeze bubaho bwo kugenzura no gukoresha imbaraga zikomeye za electron mu nyubako za atome, bisa nkikadiri-ikadiri-gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro mu buryo bwa sinema, bityo bakinjira mubikorwa byabo.

Laserbyerekana indunduro yubushakashatsi bwimbitse nimbaraga zahurijwe hamwe nabahanga, bakoresheje amahame ya optique idafite umurongo wo gukora lazeri ultrafast. Ukuza kwabo kwaduhaye umwanya wo guhanga udushya two kwitegereza no gukora ubushakashatsi ku mikorere igenda itera muri atome, molekile, ndetse na electron mu bikoresho bikomeye.

Kugirango dusobanure imiterere ya lazeri ya attosecond no gushima imico yabo idasanzwe ugereranije na lazeri zisanzwe, ni ngombwa gushakisha ibyiciro byabo mumiryango yagutse "umuryango wa laser." Gutondekanya ukurikije uburebure bwumurongo wa attosekond laseri yiganjemo cyane cyane murwego rwa ultraviolet kugeza kuri X-ray yoroheje, bisobanura uburebure bwayo bugufi cyane butandukanye na laseri zisanzwe. Kubyerekeranye nibisohoka muburyo, lazeri ya attosecond iri munsi yicyiciro cya pulsed laseri, irangwa nigihe gito cyane cyigihe. Kugirango ushushanye neza kugirango bisobanuke neza, umuntu arashobora gutekereza ko lazeri ikomeza-imeze nkurumuri rutanga urumuri rwinshi rwumucyo, mugihe lazeri isunikwa isa numucyo wa strobe, uhinduranya byihuse hagati yigihe cyo kumurika numwijima. Muri rusange, laseri ya attosecond yerekana imyitwarire ihindagurika mu mucyo no mu mwijima, nyamara inzibacyuho yabo hagati y’ibihugu byombi irangira ku muvuduko utangaje, igera mu rwego rwa attosekond.

Ibindi byiciro byimbaraga zishyira laseri mumbaraga nkeya, imbaraga-zo hagati, nimbaraga-ndende. Lazeri ya Attosecond igera ku mbaraga zo hejuru cyane kubera igihe cyayo gito cyane, bivamo imbaraga zo hejuru (P) - bisobanurwa nkimbaraga zingufu kumwanya umwe (P = W / t). Nubwo impiswi ya attosecond laser pulses idashobora kuba ifite imbaraga nini zidasanzwe (W), impfunyapfunyo yigihe gito (t) ibaha imbaraga zo hejuru.

Kubijyanye na porogaramu zikoreshwa, laseri ikwirakwiza ibintu bikubiyemo inganda, ubuvuzi, na siyansi. Lazeri ya Attosecond isanga icyicaro cyayo mubushakashatsi bwubumenyi, cyane cyane mubushakashatsi bwibintu bigenda byihuta cyane mubijyanye na fiziki na chimie, bitanga idirishya mubikorwa bya mikorosike yisi byihuta cyane.

Gutondekanya na laser medium bisobanura lazeri nka gaze ya gaze, lazeri-ikomeye-lazeri, lazeri yamazi, hamwe na lazeri ya semiconductor. Igisekuru cya lazeri ya attosecond mubusanzwe gishingiye kubitangazamakuru bya gaze ya laser, byifashisha ingaruka zidafite umurongo wa optique kugirango habeho guhuza neza.

Mu ncamake, lazeri ya attosecond igizwe nicyiciro cyihariye cya lazeri ngufi-itandukanijwe, itandukanijwe nigihe gito kidasanzwe cyigihe gito, mubisanzwe bipimirwa muri attosekond. Nkigisubizo, babaye ibikoresho byingirakamaro mu kwitegereza no kugenzura ibikorwa bya ultrafast dinamike ya electron muri atome, molekile, nibikoresho bikomeye.

Inzira Irambuye ya Attosecond Laser Igisekuru

Tekinoroji ya Attosecond ihagaze ku isonga mu guhanga udushya mu bya siyansi, irata ibintu bitangaje ku buryo ibisekuruza byayo. Kugirango dusobanure neza ibisekuruza bya lazeri ya attosecond, dutangirana no kwerekana mu magambo ahinnye amahame shingiro yacyo, hagakurikiraho imvugo ngereranyo ikomoka kuburambe bwa buri munsi. Abasomyi batahinduwe mubibazo bya fiziki bireba ntibakagombye kwiheba, kuko imvugo ngereranyo ikurikira igamije guhindura fiziki shingiro ya laseri ya attosecond.

Igisekuru cyibisekuru bya attosekond ahanini bishingiye kubuhanga buzwi nka High Harmonic Generation (HHG). Ubwa mbere, urumuri rwimbaraga nyinshi femtosekond (amasegonda 10 ^ -15) laser pulses yibanda cyane kubintu bya gaze. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko laseri ya femtosekond, isa na lazeri ya attosecond, isangiye ibiranga gutunga igihe gito cyimbaraga nimbaraga zo hejuru. Bitewe numurima ukomeye wa lazeri, electron ziri muri atome ya gaze zibohoza akanya gato muri nuclei za atome, zinjira mugihe gito cya electroni yubuntu. Mugihe izo electroni zinyeganyega zisubiza umurima wa laser, amaherezo ziragaruka zikongera zisubirana hamwe na nuclei yababyeyi babo, zishyiraho leta nshya zifite ingufu nyinshi.

Muri iki gikorwa, electron zigenda ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane, kandi iyo zongeye kwiyunga na nuclei ya atome, zirekura izindi mbaraga muburyo bwo gusohora imyuka myinshi, zigaragara nka fotone ifite ingufu nyinshi.

Imirongo yaya mafoto mashya yakozwe ningufu nyinshi ni integer yikubye inshuro ya lazeri yumwimerere, ikora icyo bita urwego rwohejuru ruhuza, aho "guhuza" bisobanura inshuro zigizwe ninshuro nyinshi zumwimerere. Kugirango ugere kuri lazeri ya attosecond, biba ngombwa gushungura no kwibanda kuri biriya bisobanuro bihanitse, guhitamo guhuza no kubishyira mumwanya wibanze. Niba ubyifuza, tekinike yo guhunika irashobora gukomeza kugabanya igihe impiswi yamara, itanga ultra-ngufi ya pulses murwego rwa attosecond. Ikigaragara ni uko ibisekuru bya lazeri ya attosecond bigize inzira ihanitse kandi itandukanye, bisaba ubuhanga buhanitse bwa tekinike nibikoresho byihariye.

Kugirango ugaragaze inzira igoye, dutanga imvugo ngereranyo ibangikanye na buri munsi:

Umuvuduko mwinshi Femtosekond Laser Pulses:

Tekereza gutunga catapult ikomeye cyane ishoboye guhita itera amabuye kumuvuduko mwinshi, bisa nuruhare rwagize imbaraga nyinshi za femtosekond laser pulses.

Intego ya Gaseous Intego:

Shushanya umubiri utuje wamazi ugereranya ibintu bya gaze, aho buri gitonyanga cyamazi kigereranya atome zitabarika. Igikorwa cyo gusunika amabuye muri uyu mubiri w’amazi mu buryo busa nabwo bugaragaza ingaruka ziterwa na femtosekond laser pulses nyinshi cyane kubintu bya gaze.

Icyerekezo cya elegitoronike no kwiyunga (Inzibacyuho Yemewe):

Iyo laser pulses ya femtosekond igira ingaruka kuri atome ya gaze mubikoresho bigenewe gaze, umubare munini wa electron zo hanze zishimishwa nigihe gito na reta aho itandukaniye na nuclei zabo za atomike, ikora leta isa na plasma. Nkuko ingufu za sisitemu zigenda zigabanuka (kubera ko impiswi ya laser iba isanzwe ivangwa, hagaragaramo intera yo guhagarika), izo electron zo hanze zisubira hafi ya nuclei ya atome, zirekura fotone ifite ingufu nyinshi.

Igisekuru kinini cya Harmonic:

Tekereza igihe cyose igitonyanga cyamazi kigarutse hejuru yikiyaga, kigatera imvururu, nkibintu bihuza cyane muri lazeri ya attosecond. Izi mpanuka zifite inshuro nyinshi hamwe na amplitude kurenza imvururu zumwimerere zatewe na primaire femtosekond laser pulse. Mugihe cya HHG, urumuri rukomeye rwa lazeri, rusa no gukomeza gutera amabuye, rumurikira intego ya gaze, isa nubuso bwikiyaga. Uyu murima ukomeye wa laser utera electron muri gaze, igereranywa no guhindagurika, kure ya atome yababyeyi hanyuma ikabasubiza inyuma. Igihe cyose electron igarutse kuri atome, isohora urumuri rushya rwa lazeri hamwe numurongo mwinshi, bisa nuburyo bukomeye bwo guhindagurika.

Gushungura no Kwibanda:

Uhujije ibyo bikoresho byose bishya byakozwe na laser bitanga urutonde rwamabara atandukanye (inshuro nyinshi cyangwa uburebure bwumuraba), amwe murimwe agize laser ya attosecond. Kugirango utandukane ingano yihariye ninshuro, urashobora gukoresha akayunguruzo kabuhariwe, bisa no guhitamo impuzu zifuzwa, hanyuma ugakoresha ikirahure kinini kugirango uberekeze ahantu runaka.

Guhagarika impiswi (nibiba ngombwa):

Niba ufite intego yo gukwirakwiza ibyihuta byihuse kandi bigufi, urashobora kwihutisha ikwirakwizwa ryabyo ukoresheje igikoresho cyihariye, ukagabanya igihe buri mpanuka imara. Igisekuru cya lazeri ya attosecond ikubiyemo guhuza ibikorwa bigoye. Ariko, iyo ivunitse kandi igaragara, birarushaho kumvikana.