Mu itangazo ry'ingenzi ku mugoroba wo ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2023, igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri fiziki umwaka wa 2023 washyizwe ahagaragara, kumenya uruhare rukomeye rw'abahanga mu by'ingenzi nk'abapayiniya.

Ijambo "attosecond larser" rikuramo izina ryayo mugihe gito gisanzwe gikora, byumwihariko muburyo bwa atton, buhuye namasegonda 10 ^ -18. Kugira ngo wumve ubusobanuro bwimbitse bw'iki ikoranabuhanga, gusobanukirwa kw'ibanze ku bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga risobanura ni igihe kinini. Intoki ihagaze nkumunota munini cyane, bigize miliyari imwe ya miliyari ya kabiri mumasegonda yose mumirongo yagutse yisegonda imwe. Kugirango ubishyire mubitekerezo, niba dushaka kugereranya isegonda umusozi muremure, Attosekond yaba isa mu ngano imwe yumucanga yakubiswe kumusozi. Muri ubu buryo bwigihe gito, ndetse numucyo ntushobora kunyura intera ihwanye nubunini bwa atome. Binyuze mu gukoresha abaterankunga, abahanga babona ubushobozi butigeze bubaho kugira ngo basuzume kandi bakoreshe ingero zikomeye za electron mu nyubako za Atome, bityo bikaba bikurikirana mu buryo busubiramo.

ATTOSECOndGuhagararira Indunduro yubushakashatsi buhebuje no gushingira ku nzebere n'abahanga, wakoresheje amahame ya Optics ya Ultrafari ya Ultrafari. Adiventi yabo yatunganije ahantu habi kwitegereza no gushakisha inzira zingirakamaro gufunga muri atome, molekile, ndetse na electron mubikoresho bikomeye.

Kugira ngo bavure imiterere ya Attosecond kandi bashima imico yabo idasanzwe ugereranije na lasers basanzwe, ni ngombwa ko bakoresha ibyiciro byabo mu muhanda wagutse "Umuryango wa Laser." Gutondekanya muburebure bwamabatsi lasers yiganjemo murwego rwa ultraviolet kuri X-ray. Kubijyanye nuburyo bwo gusohoka, abaparizakote bagwa munsi yicyiciro cya lasers, barangwa nimbwa ngufi cyane. Gushushanya ikigereranyo cyo gusobanuka, umuntu ashobora kwizihiza abahatiye-wave lasers nkuko bin kugeza ku itara ridahwema gusohora urumuri rw'umucyo, mu gihe abapadiri basa n'umucyo, bahinduranya vuba hagati y'ibihe byo kumurika n'umwijima. Muri rusange, abashaka Attoncond bagaragaza imyitwarire ishishikarizwa mu kumurika n'umwijima, nyamara inzibacyuho yabo hagati ya leta zombi zifatanije n'indundu zitangaje, zigera ku ntambwe y'intoki.

Ibindi byiciro byimbaraga zamashanyarazi zirabamo imbaraga, ziciriritse-imbaraga, hamwe nudutera imbaraga. Abashaka Attosecond bagera kuri Peak Imbaraga Zisumbuye kubera igihe kirekire cyane cyane, bikaviramo imbaraga zamavururo (p) - zisobanuwe nkimbaraga zingufu kuri buri gihe (p = w / t). Nubwo attosecond laser palses ntishobora gutunga imbaraga nini (w), yuzuye imiterere yigihe gito (t) ibaha imbaraga zirenga.

Kubijyanye na domaine ya porogaramu, lasers yagereranije ikubiyemo ibikorwa byinganda, ubuvuzi, nubumenyi. Abashakashatsi bateranya cyane cyane basanga ariche yabo mu buryo bw'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe vuba muri fiziki na chimisi, batanga idirishya mu nzira zishimishije z'isi.

Ibyiciro byakozwe na Laser bitandukanya nibitangira gaze, lasers-leta-lasers, abahiye amazi, na semiconductor. Ibisekuru bya Attosecond mubisanzwe bikunze hinges ku bitangazamakuru bya gaze, inyuguti nkuru ku ngaruka za optique zo gutanga ibisobanuro byinshi.

Muri make, abashinga w'itegeko ritera icyiciro cyihariye cya Pusers-pulse, zitandukanijwe n'ibintu byabo bigufi bidasanzwe, mubisanzwe bipimwa muri ATTOSEConds. Nkigisubizo, bahindutse ibikoresho byingenzi byo kwitegereza no kugenzura inzira zanyuma za electramike za electron muri atome, molekile, nibikoresho bikomeye.

Inzira irambuye ya attosecond laser

Ikoranabuhanga rya Attosecond rihagaze ku isonga ry'abahanga mu nzego z'ubuhanga, kwirata ibintu bikomeye cyane ku bisekuru byayo. Kugira ngo bavure interricacies ya Attosecond laser laser, dutangirana no kwerekana ishingiro ryamahame yacyo, hakurikiraho imvugo ngereranyo ifitanye isano nubunararibonye bwa buri munsi. Abasomyi barimo interricties za fiziki zikenewe ntizishimirwa, kuko imvugo ikurikirana igamije gutanga prefics of themsics ya Attosecond abaparuwe baboneka.

Inzira y'ibisekuru bya Attosecond Lasers ishingiye cyane cyane kubuhanga buzwi nkigihe kinini cyo hejuru (HHG). Ubwa mbere, urumuri rwibikomeye-ubukana buhebuje (amasegonda 10 ^ -15) Laser Pulses yibanda cyane ku bikoresho bya gaze. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko aba lajers ba femtosecond, bakin kuri Attosecond Lases, basangiye ibiranga gutunga igihe kirekire nimbaraga zisumbabyongewe. Munsi yinzego za laser ikomeye, electron muri atome ya gaze irabohorwa mugihe cya atomic nuclei, yinjira mu mwijima wa electron yubusa. Nkuko aya mashanyarazi anyeganyega mugusubiza umurima wa laser, amaherezo bagasubira kuri na recombine hamwe nababyeyi ba Atomic Nuclei, bashiraho ibihugu bishya byingufu nyinshi.

Muri iki gikorwa, electron yimuka ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane, no kwizirika kwa Atomic, barekura ingufu nyinshi muburyo bw'ibyuka bihanitse, bigaragaza nk'ifoto y'ingufu nyinshi.

Impinduko zibi zihengaze zihenze ni intege nke za laser ya laser ya mbere, aho "uhuza" bitanga ibisobanuro byimpapuro zumwimerere. Kugirango ugere kuri ATTTOSECOnd Lasers, birakenewe kuyungurura no kwibanda kuri uhuzagurika-kuringaniza, guhitamo guhuza byihariye no kubabaza mu ngingo yibanze. Niba ufunzwe uburyo bwo kwifuza, guswera burashobora gusoza impinja, itanga ultra-gupakira magufi muri attosecond. Ikigaragara ni uko ibisekuru bya inteko y'Itegeko rigize inzira ikomeye kandi myinshi, bisaba urwego rwo hejuru rwa tekiniki n'ibikoresho byihariye.

Gukuramo iyi nzira ifatika, dutanga imvugo ngereranyo ibangikanye mubihe bya buri munsi:

Imbaraga-ndende Femtosecond Laser Pulses:

Gutekereza gukinisha catapult idasanzwe ishoboye guturika amabuye ako kanya ku muvuduko mwinshi, usanga uruhare runini rufite ubukana buhebuje Laser Puse.

Ibikoresho bya gaze:

Shushanya umubiri wamazi ushushanya ibikoresho bigamije gase, aho buri kurya byamazi byerekana atome ya gyriad. Igikorwa cyamabuye muri uru rwego cyamazi cyerekana ibimenyetso byingaruka zingaruka za femtosecond ya femtosecond laser palsos kubikoresho bya gaseke.

Electron Icyifuzo no Kwizirika (Inzozi zagize umubiri):

Iyo Femtosecond Laser Pulses igira ingaruka kuri atome ya gaze mubikoresho bya gaze, umubare munini wa electron yo hanze washimishijwe na nyakubahwa nuclei ya atomic, zikora imiterere ya plasma. Nk'ingufu za sisitemu nyuma yo kugabanuka nyuma (kuva umuserizo wa laser urahungabana, ugaragaza intera ya cassetion), aya mashanyarazi yo hanze asubira mu kirwa cya Atomic, irekura ifoto yingufu zo mu kirere.

Igisekuru kinini:

Tekereza igihe cyose ibitonyanga byamazi bigwa hejuru yikiyaga, bitera imitsi, nkibihuza byo hejuru muri attosecond. Izi nsinga zifite inshuro nyinshi hamwe na amplitude kuruta ibice byumwimerere byatewe na femtosekond yibanze laser pulse. Mugihe cyibikorwa bya HHG, bisambya lesem ikomeye, bin kugirango ubudahwema amabuye, bimurikira igitero cya gaze, bisa nubuso bwikiyaga. Iyi mirima ikomeye ya laser yashyize ahagaragara electron muri gaze, asa nkaho yangiza, kure yumubyeyi wabo atome hanyuma akayimbura. Igihe cyose electron isubira kuri atom, ihindura igitambaro gishya cya laser gifite inshuro nyinshi, bin to motrike igoye.

Gushungura no Kwibanda:

Guhuza Ibi bice byose bya Laser bitanga umusaruro wamabara atandukanye (inshuro cyangwa uburebure bwamabuye), bimwe muribigize attosecond laser. Gutandukanya ubunini bwihariye nimikino, urashobora gukoresha filteri yihariye, bin kugirango uhitemo imirongo yifuzwa, kandi ukoreshe ikirahure kinini kugirango ubature mukarere runaka.

Prosele Procses (nibiba ngombwa):

Niba ufite intego yo kwamamaza imirasire yihuta kandi ngufi, urashobora kwihutisha gukwirakwiza ukoresheje igikoresho cyihariye, bikagabanya igihe buri rujinye rumara. Ibisekuru bya Attosecond birimo intera igoye yinzira. Ariko, iyo bisenyutse kandi bireba, birushaho kumvikana.