Mu itangazo rikomeye ryatanzwe ku mugoroba wo ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2023, igihembo cya Nobel muri fiziki cy’umwaka wa 2023 cyashyizwe ahagaragara, gishimira abahanga batatu bagize uruhare runini nk’abatangizi mu ikoranabuhanga rya laser ya attosecond.

Ijambo "laser ya attosecond" rikomoka ku gihe gito cyane ikoraho, cyane cyane mu buryo bwa attosecond, bungana n'amasegonda 10-18. Kugira ngo wumve akamaro kanini k'iri koranabuhanga, gusobanukirwa by'ibanze icyo attosecond isobanura ni ingenzi cyane. Attosecond ihagaze nk'igice cy'igihe cy'iminota myinshi cyane, igize kimwe cya miliyari kimwe cya miliyari cy'isegonda mu buryo bwagutse bw'isegonda rimwe. Kugira ngo tubisobanure neza, turamutse tugereranyije isegonda n'umusozi muremure, attosecond yaba isa n'agace gato k'umusenyi gaherereye ku nsi y'umusozi. Muri iki gihe gito cy'igihe, ndetse n'urumuri ntirushobora kwambuka intera ingana n'ingano ya atome imwe. Binyuze mu gukoresha laser ya attosecond, abahanga mu bya siyansi babona ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gusuzuma no gukoresha imikorere y'ibinyabutabire mu miterere ya atome, nk'uko bigenda buhoro buhoro mu buryo bwa sinema, bityo bakiga uburyo bikorana.

Laser ya Attosecondbigaragaza iherezo ry'ubushakashatsi bwagutse n'imbaraga zihuriweho n'abahanga mu bya siyansi, bakoresheje amahame ya optique idakoresha umurongo umwe kugira ngo bakore laser yihuta cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwaduhaye ahantu hashya ho kwitegereza no gushakisha inzira zihinduka zibera muri atome, molekile, ndetse na electron mu bikoresho bikomeye.

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe imiterere ya laser za attosecond no gusobanukirwa imiterere yazo idasanzwe ugereranije na laser zisanzwe, ni ngombwa gusuzuma uburyo zishyirwa mu byiciro muri "umuryango wa laser" mugari. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburebure bw'urumuri bishyira laser za attosecond mu rugero rwa frequencies za ultraviolet na X-ray zoroshye, bigaragaza uburebure bwazo bugufi cyane ugereranije na laser zisanzwe. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gusohora, laser za attosecond ziri mu cyiciro cya laser za pulsed, zirangwa n'igihe cyazo gito cyane cyo gukubita. Kugira ngo dufate urugero rw'ubusobanuro, umuntu ashobora gutekereza laser za continuous-wave zimeze nk'itara ritanga urumuri ruhoraho, mu gihe laser za pulsed zisa n'urumuri rwa strobe, zisimburana vuba hagati y'ibihe byo kumurika n'umwijima. Muri make, laser za attosecond zigaragaza imyitwarire yo gukubita mu rumuri n'umwijima, ariko ihinduka ryazo hagati ya states zombi ribera ku nshuro itangaje, rikagera mu rwego rwa attoseconds.

Gushyira hamwe imbaraga bishyira laser mu matsinda afite imbaraga nke, ingufu ziciriritse, n'imbaraga zikomeye. Laser za Attosecond zigira imbaraga nyinshi bitewe n'igihe cyazo gito cyane cyo gutera umuvuduko, bigatuma habaho imbaraga nyinshi cyane (P) - zisobanurwa nk'ubukana bw'ingufu kuri buri gice cy'igihe (P=W/t). Nubwo impuzandengo ya laser ya attosecond imwe imwe ishobora kutagira ingufu nyinshi cyane (W), ingano yayo y'igihe gito (t) ibaha imbaraga nyinshi cyane zo gutera umuvuduko.

Ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'imikorere, lazeri zikoresha uburyo butandukanye bukubiyemo ibikorwa by'inganda, ubuvuzi, na siyansi. Lazeri za Attosecond zisanga cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi, cyane cyane mu gushakisha ibintu bihinduka vuba mu nzego za fiziki na chimie, bitanga umwanya wo kubona inzira yihuse y'isi y'isi ntoya.

Gushyira mu byiciro hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa laser bigereranya laser nka gas lasers, solid-state lasers, liquid lasers, na semiconductor lasers. Ikorwa rya attosecond lasers rikunze gushingira ku buryo bwa gas laser medias, rigakoresha ingaruka zitari z'umurongo kugira ngo ritange harmonics zo mu rwego rwo hejuru.

Mu gusesengura, laser za attosecond zigize itsinda ryihariye rya laser za short-pulse, zitandukanywa n'igihe cyazo cy'ingufu ngufi cyane, akenshi zipimirwa muri attosecond. Kubera iyo mpamvu, zabaye ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo kureba no kugenzura inzira zihindagurika cyane za electron muri atome, molekile, n'ibikoresho bikomeye.

Uburyo burambuye bwo gukora Attosecond Laser Generation

Ikoranabuhanga rya Attosecond laser riri ku isonga mu guhanga udushya mu bya siyansi, rifite imiterere ishimishije kandi ikomeye yo kuyikora. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza imiterere y’ikorwa rya attosecond laser, dutangira dusobanura neza amahame shingiro yayo, hagakurikiraho imvugo zisobanutse neza zikomoka ku bunararibonye bwa buri munsi. Abasomyi batazi neza imiterere y’ubuhanga bwa fiziki ijyanye nayo ntibagomba kwiheba, kuko imvugo zikurikira zigamije gutuma fiziki y’ibanze ya attosecond lasers iboneka.

Uburyo bwo gukora laser za attosecond bushingiye cyane cyane ku buhanga buzwi nka High Harmonic Generation (HHG). Ubwa mbere, urumuri rw'ingufu za laser za femtosecond (amasegonda 10^-15) ziba zireba cyane ku kintu cy’umwuka. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko laser za femtosecond, kimwe na laser za attosecond, zisangiye imiterere yo kugira igihe gito cyo gutera kw'ingufu n'imbaraga zo hejuru. Bitewe n'imbaraga z'umurima wa laser ukomeye, electron ziri muri atome za gazi zikurwa mu ngirangingo zazo za atome, zikinjira mu buryo bw'igihe gito mu miterere ya electron zigenga. Uko izi electron zizunguruka mu gusubiza umurima wa laser, amaherezo zigaruka zikongera kwihuza na atome zazo, zigakora imiterere mishya y'ingufu nyinshi.

Muri iki gikorwa, electron zigenda ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane, kandi iyo zihuye n’uturemangingo twa atome, zirekura ingufu z’inyongera mu buryo bw’ibyuka byinshi bya harmonic, bikagaragara nka fotoni zifite ingufu nyinshi.

Imiterere y'izi fotoni nshya zikora ingufu nyinshi ni umubare munini w'umuvuduko wa laser y'umwimerere, zigakora icyo bita harmonics zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, aho "harmonics" yerekeza ku mibare iri ku muvuduko w'umuvuduko w'umwimerere. Kugira ngo ugere kuri lasers za attosecond, biba ngombwa kuyungurura no gushyira ku murongo izi harmonics zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ugahitamo harmonics zihariye hanyuma ukazishyira mu mwanya ugaragara. Iyo ubyifuza, tekiniki zo gukanda pulse zishobora kurushaho kugabanya igihe cy'umuvuduko, bigatuma pulse zigenda ngufi cyane mu cyiciro cya attosecond. Uko bigaragara, gukora lasers za attosecond bigize inzira igezweho kandi ifite imiterere myinshi, isaba ubuhanga buhanitse mu bya tekiniki n'ibikoresho byihariye.

Kugira ngo dusobanure neza iyi gahunda igoye, dutanga ishusho ishingiye ku migani ishingiye ku bintu bya buri munsi:

Imitsi ya Laser ya Femtosecond ifite imbaraga nyinshi:

Tekereza ufite catapult ikomeye cyane ishobora gutera amabuye ako kanya ku muvuduko munini cyane, nk'uruhare rugaragara mu mivuduko ya laser ya femtosecond ifite imbaraga nyinshi.

Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa gaze:

Tekereza amazi atuje agereranya ibikoresho by’umwuka, aho buri gitonyanga cy’amazi kigereranya atome nyinshi za gazi. Igikorwa cyo gutera amabuye muri aya mazi mu buryo nk’ubwo kigaragaza ingaruka z’imivuduko ya laser ya femtosecond ku bikoresho by’umwuka.

Uburyo Electron Igenda n'Isubiramo (Impinduka Ishingiye ku Muco):

Iyo imirasire ya laser ya femtosecond ikoze ku atome za gaze ziri mu gice cy’ingufu, umubare munini wa electron zo hanze zishishikarira umwanya muto aho zikura mu ngirabuzimafatizo zazo za atome, zigakora imiterere isa na plasma. Uko ingufu za sisitemu zigenda zigabanuka (kubera ko imirasire ya laser iba ihindagurika mu buryo bw’umwimerere, ifite intera zo guhagarika), izi electron zo hanze zisubira hafi yazo, zigasohora fotoni zifite ingufu nyinshi.

Ikorwa ry'imibanire iri hejuru cyane:

Tekereza igihe cyose amazi aguye ku buso bw'ikiyaga, atuma habaho imiraba, nk'uko bigaragazwa cyane muri laser za attosecond. Izi miraba zifite frequencies n'amplitudes nyinshi kurusha imiraba ya mbere iterwa na laser ya femtosecond pulse. Mu gihe cya HHG, icyuma gikomeye cya laser, kimeze nko gutera amabuye buri gihe, kimurikira intego ya gaze, isa n'ubuso bw'ikiyaga. Uyu muyoboro ukomeye wa laser ushyira electrons muri gaze, bisa n'imiraba, kure ya atome z'ababyeyi bazo hanyuma ukayisubiza inyuma. Igihe cyose electron igarutse kuri atome, isohora icyuma gishya cya laser gifite frequencies nyinshi, kimwe n'imiterere y'imiraba igoye kurushaho.

Gushungura no Kwibanda ku bintu:

Guhuza iyi mirasire mishya ya laser bitanga ubwoko butandukanye bw'amabara (amasasu cyangwa uburebure bw'umuraba), amwe muri yo akaba agize laser ya attosecond. Kugira ngo umenye ingano n'amasasu runaka, ushobora gukoresha akayunguruzo kabigenewe, nko guhitamo amasasu wifuza, no gukoresha ikirahuri gikuza kugira ngo kiberekeza ahantu runaka.

Gukanda Ingufu (niba bikenewe):

Niba ugamije gukwirakwiza ama-ripple vuba kandi mu buryo bugufi, ushobora kwihutisha ikwirakwira ryawo ukoresheje igikoresho cyihariye, ukagabanya igihe buri ripple imara. Gukora laser ya attosecond bisaba uburyo bugoye bwo gukora. Ariko, iyo yagabanutse kandi igafatwa nk'ishusho, irushaho kumvikana.