Imashini zipima ikirere zikoresha imirasire ya laser, LiDARs, n'ibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zigezweho, mu buvuzi, mu gutwara imodoka mu buryo bwikora, no mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Ariko, abakoresha benshi babona itandukaniro rikomeye mu gupima iyo bakorera mu murima, cyane cyane iyo bakora ibintu bifite amabara cyangwa ibikoresho bitandukanye. Impamvu nyamukuru y'iri kosa akenshi ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'uburyo umuntu agarura ikirere. Iyi nkuru izasuzuma ingaruka zo kugarura ikirere ku gupima intera kandi itange ingamba zifatika zo guhitamo intego.
1. Kugaragaza imiterere y'umubiri ni iki kandi kuki bigira ingaruka ku gupima intera?
Kugarura urumuri bivuga ubushobozi bw'ubuso bwo kugaragaza urumuri rw'impanuka, ubusanzwe rugaragazwa nk'ijanisha (urugero, urukuta rwera rufite ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza urumuri rwa 80%, mu gihe irangi ry'umukara rifite 5% gusa). Ibikoresho bipima laser bigena intera bibara itandukaniro ry'igihe hagati y'urumuri rusohoka n'urumuri rugaragara (bikoresheje ihame rya Time-of-Flight). Niba ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza urumuri rw'umuntu ari hasi cyane, bishobora gutuma:
- Ingufu nke z'ikimenyetso: Iyo urumuri rugaragara rudakomeye cyane, igikoresho ntigishobora gufata ikimenyetso cyemewe.
- Ikosa ryo gupima ryiyongereye: Iyo urusaku rwinshi ruvanze, ubuziranenge buragabanuka.
- Intera yo gupima igabanyije: Intera ntarengwa ishoboka ishobora kugabanukaho ibirenze 50%.
2. Gushyira mu byiciro ibitekerezo no guhitamo intego
Hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibikoresho bisanzwe, intego zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitatu bikurikira:
① Intego zo kugarura urumuri (>50%)
- Ibikoresho bisanzwe: Ubuso bw'icyuma gisennye, indorerwamo, ibumba ryera, sima y'amabara yoroheje
- Ibyiza: Kugaruka kw'ikimenyetso gikomeye, bikwiriye gupimwa intera ndende (irenga metero 500) neza cyane
- Ingero z'ikoreshwa: Ubushakashatsi ku nyubako, kugenzura insinga z'amashanyarazi, gusuzuma ubutaka bw'indege zitagira abapilote
- Icyitonderwa: Irinde ubuso bw'indorerwamo bushobora gutuma habaho kugaragara kw'ahantu runaka (bishobora gutuma ahantu hadasobanutse neza).
② Intego zo kugarura urumuri hagati (20%-50%)
- Ibikoresho bisanzwe: Ibiti, imihanda ya kaburimbo, inkuta z'amatafari yijimye, ibimera by'icyatsi kibisi
- Ingamba zo kurwanya:
Gabanya intera yo gupima (ni ngombwa <200m).
Fungura uburyo bwo kugaragaza ubukana bw'ibikoresho mu buryo buhanitse.
Nkunda ubuso butameze neza (urugero, ibikoresho byakonjeshejwe).
③ Intego zo kugarura urumuri nke (<20%)
- Ibikoresho bisanzwe: Kabutura y'umukara, imirundo y'amakara, imyenda yijimye, amazi
- Ingaruka: Ibimenyetso bishobora gutakara cyangwa bigatera amakosa yo gusimbuka.
- Ibisubizo:
Koresha intego igarura urumuri inyuma (amabara agarura urumuri).
Hindura inguni y’ihindagurika rya laser iri munsi ya 45° (kugira ngo wongere ubwiza bw’ishusho).
Hitamo ibikoresho bikora ku bunini bwa 905nm cyangwa 1550nm (kugira ngo birusheho kwinjira neza).
3. Ingamba zihariye zo gukemura ibibazo
① Igipimo cy'Iterambere Rihindagurika (urugero: Ibinyabiziga bigenda):
- Shyira imbere purake z'imodoka (ahantu hagaragara cyane) cyangwa ibyuma by'imodoka bifite ibara ryoroheje.
- Koresha ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryo kumenya echo (kugira ngo uhuze imvura n'ibihu bibangamira).
② Uburyo bwo kuvura ubuso bugoye:
- Ku byuma bifite ibara ryijimye, shyiramo irangi ritari rinini (rishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kugarura urumuri kugeza kuri 30%).
- Shyira ibyuma bipima polarizing imbere y'inkuta z'amarido y'ibirahure (kugira ngo uhagarike reflection ya specular).
③ Indishyi ku bijyanye no kwivanga mu bidukikije:
- Koresha uburyo bwo gukumira urumuri rw'inyuma mu bihe by'urumuri rwinshi.
- Mu gihe cy'imvura cyangwa urubura, koresha ikoranabuhanga rya pulse interval modulation (PIM).
4. Amabwiriza yo Gutunganya Ibipimo by'Ibikoresho
- Guhindura Ingufu: Ongera imbaraga za laser ku ntego zo kugarura urumuri ruto (reba neza ko imbibi z'umutekano w'amaso zubahirizwa).
- Kwakira Akadomo: Ongera umurambararo w'ikirahuri cyakira (kuri buri gukuba kabiri, kwiyongera kw'ikimenyetso kwiyongera inshuro enye).
- Imiterere y'Umuyoboro: Hindura neza umuyoboro w'ikimenyetso (kugira ngo wirinde ko hari urusaku rwinshi rutera ikibazo).
5. Ingendo z'ejo hazaza: Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gutanga Inyungu ku Kureba mu Buryo Bwiza
Sisitemu zo gupima intera zo mu gisekuru gitaha zitangiye guhuzwa:
- Igenzura ry’Izamuka ry’Ibintu (AGC): Guhindura uburyo bwo kumenya foto mu buryo bwihuse.
- Algorithms za AI zo Kumenya Ibikoresho: Guhuza ubwoko bw'ibikoresho hakoreshejwe imiterere y'ishusho ya echo.
- Kuvanga amakuru ya Multispectral: Guhuza urumuri rugaragara n'amakuru ya infrared kugira ngo hamenyekane neza.
Umwanzuro
Kumenya neza imiterere y’ubuhanga bwo kugarura urumuri ni ubuhanga bw’ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo bwo gupima neza. Mu guhitamo intego mu buryo bwa siyansi no gushyiraho ibikoresho neza, ndetse no mu bihe byo kugarura urumuri biri hasi cyane (munsi ya 10%), uburyo bwo gupima neza bushobora kugerwaho. Uko ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhanga bwo gupima rigenda ritera imbere, sisitemu zo gupima mu gihe kizaza zizahinduka "mu buryo bw’ubwenge" mu bidukikije bigoye. Ariko, gusobanukirwa amahame shingiro y’ubuhanga bwo kugarura urumuri bizahora ari ubuhanga bw’ingenzi ku bahanga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-04-2025