Ihame ryibanze ryakazi rya lazeri (Amplification yumucyo na Stimulated Emission of Imirasire) ishingiye kubintu byo gukurura urumuri. Binyuze murukurikirane rwibishushanyo mbonera, imiterere, laseri itanga imirishyo ihujwe cyane, monochromaticity, hamwe numucyo. Lazeri ikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga bugezweho, harimo mubice nk'itumanaho, ubuvuzi, inganda, gupima, n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Imikorere yabo ihanitse hamwe nibiranga kugenzura neza bituma bakora ibice byingenzi byikoranabuhanga. Hano haribisobanuro birambuye byamahame yimirimo ya laseri hamwe nuburyo bwubwoko butandukanye.
1. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirereni ihame shingiro ryihishe inyuma ya laser, ryatanzwe bwa mbere na Einstein mumwaka wa 1917.Iyi phenomenon isobanura uburyo fotone ihujwe ikorwa binyuze mumikoranire hagati yumucyo nibintu bishimishije. Kugirango usobanukirwe neza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, reka duhere ku byuka bihumanya:
Ibyuka bihumanya: Muri atome, molekile, cyangwa ibindi bice bya microscopique, electron zirashobora gukuramo ingufu ziva hanze (nkingufu zamashanyarazi cyangwa optique) hanyuma ikajya murwego rwo hejuru rwingufu, izwi nka leta yishimye. Nyamara, ibyishimo-leta ya elegitoronike ntigihungabana kandi amaherezo izasubira murwego rwo hasi rwingufu, izwi nka leta yubutaka, nyuma yigihe gito. Muri iki gikorwa, electron irekura foton, iyo ikaba isohoka. Fotone nkiyi ntisanzwe ukurikije inshuro, icyiciro, nicyerekezo, bityo ikabura guhuza.
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere: Urufunguzo rwo kubyutsa imyuka ihumanya ikirere ni uko iyo electron yishimye-ihuye na fotone ningufu zihuye ningufu zayo zinzibacyuho, fotone irashobora gutuma electron isubira mubutaka mugihe irekura fotone nshya. Foton nshya irasa niyumwimerere ukurikije inshuro, icyiciro, nicyerekezo cyo gukwirakwiza, bivamo urumuri rwuzuye. Iyi phenomenon yongerera cyane umubare nimbaraga za fotone kandi nuburyo bwibanze bwa laseri.
Ingaruka Nziza Ingaruka Zohereza Umwuka: Mugushushanya laseri, uburyo bwo gusohora ibyuka bisubirwamo inshuro nyinshi, kandi iyi ngaruka nziza yo gutanga ibitekerezo irashobora kongera umubare wa fotone. Hifashishijwe umwobo wa resonant, ubwuzuzanye bwa foton buragumaho, kandi ubukana bwurumuri rumuri rwiyongera.
2. Kunguka Hagati
Uwitekakungukani ibikoresho byibanze muri laser igena amplifisione ya fotone nibisohoka bya laser. Ni ishingiro ryumubiri ryuka ryuka, kandi imiterere yaryo igena inshuro, uburebure bwumurongo, nimbaraga za laser. Ubwoko nibiranga inyungu zunguka bigira ingaruka kumikorere no mumikorere ya laser.
Uburyo bwo Kwishima: Electron mu nyungu ziciriritse zikeneye gushimishwa kurwego rwo hejuru rwingufu zituruka hanze. Ubu buryo busanzwe bugerwaho na sisitemu yo gutanga ingufu zo hanze. Uburyo rusange bwo gushimisha burimo:
Amashanyarazi: Gushimisha electron muburyo bwo kunguka ukoresheje amashanyarazi.
Kuvoma neza: Gushimisha uburyo hamwe nisoko yumucyo (nk'itara rimurika cyangwa indi lazeri).
Sisitemu Urwego: Electron muburyo bwo kunguka isanzwe ikwirakwizwa murwego rwingufu zihariye. Ibisanzwe nisisitemu-ebyirinasisitemu enye. Muri sisitemu yoroshye-ibiri-sisitemu, electron ziva mubutaka zerekeza kuri reta yishimye hanyuma zigasubira mubutaka binyuze mumyuka ihumanya ikirere. Muri sisitemu yinzego enye, electron zigenda zihindagurika cyane hagati yingufu zinyuranye, akenshi bikavamo gukora neza.
Ubwoko bw'Itangazamakuru:
Gazi Yungutse Hagati: Kurugero, helium-neon (He-Ne) laseri. Itangazamakuru ryunguka gaze rizwiho gusohora neza hamwe nuburebure bwumurongo, kandi bikoreshwa cyane nkumucyo usanzwe muri laboratoire.
Amazi Yunguka Hagati: Kurugero, gusiga irangi. Irangi rya molekile rifite ibyiza byo kwishima muburebure butandukanye, bigatuma biba byiza kuri lazeri.
Kwunguka gukomeye: Kurugero, Nd (neodymium-dope yttrium aluminium garnet). Izi lazeri zirakora cyane kandi zikomeye, kandi zikoreshwa cyane mugukata inganda, gusudira, hamwe nubuvuzi.
Semiconductor Yunguka Hagati: Kurugero, ibikoresho bya gallium arsenide (GaAs) bikoreshwa cyane mubitumanaho nibikoresho bya optoelectronic nka laser diode.
3. Resonator Cavity
Uwitekaresonator cavityni ibice byubaka muri laser ikoreshwa mubitekerezo no kwongera. Igikorwa cyacyo nyamukuru nukuzamura umubare wa fotone ikorwa binyuze mubyuka bihumanya mukuzirikana no kuyongerera imbaraga imbere mu cyuho, bityo ikabyara lazeri ikomeye kandi yibanze.
Imiterere ya Cavon ya Resonator: Mubisanzwe bigizwe nindorerwamo ebyiri zibangikanye. Imwe ni indorerwamo yuzuye, izwi nkaindorerwamo, naho ubundi ni indorerwamo yerekana igice, izwi nkaindorerwamo. Fotone yerekana inyuma ninyuma mu cyuho kandi ikongerwaho binyuze mu mikoranire ninyungu ziciriritse.
Imiterere ya Resonance: Igishushanyo mbonera cya resonator kigomba kuba cyujuje ibintu bimwe na bimwe, nko kwemeza ko fotone ikora imiraba ihagaze imbere mu cyuho. Ibi bisaba uburebure bwa cavity kuba inshuro nyinshi yuburebure bwa laser. Gusa imiraba yumucyo yujuje ibi bintu irashobora kwongerwaho neza imbere mu cyuho.
Ibisohoka: Indorerwamo yerekana igice ituma igice cyumucyo cyongerewe urumuri kinyuramo, kigakora urumuri rwa laser. Uru rumuri rufite icyerekezo kinini, guhuza, hamwe na monochromaticity.
Niba ushaka kwiga byinshi cyangwa ushishikajwe na laseri, nyamuneka twandikire:
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