Ihame ry'ibanze ry'imikorere ya laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) rishingiye ku buryo urumuri rusohora cyane. Binyuze mu miterere n'imiterere nyayo, laser zikora imirasire ifite ubwumvikane buhanitse, monochromaticity, n'urumuri. Laser zikoreshwa cyane mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, harimo no mu nzego nk'itumanaho, ubuvuzi, inganda, gupima, n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Imiterere yazo ikora neza cyane n'imiterere yazo yo kugenzura neza bituma ziba igice cy'ingenzi cy'ikoranabuhanga rinini. Hasi hari ibisobanuro birambuye ku mahame y'imikorere ya laser n'uburyo ubwoko butandukanye bwa laser bukora.
1. Imyuka iva mu biyobyabwenge
Ibyuka biva mu mwukani ihame ry'ibanze ry'ikorwa rya laser, ryatanzwe bwa mbere na Einstein mu 1917. Iki kintu kigaragaza uburyo fotoni zihuza neza zikorwa binyuze mu mikoranire iri hagati y'urumuri n'ibintu bishimishije. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza imyuka ishyushye, reka dutangire n'imyuka ishyushye yihuta:
Ibyuka biva mu kirere mu buryo butunguranye: Muri atome, molekile, cyangwa utundi duce duto cyane, electron zishobora kwinjiza ingufu zo hanze (nk'ingufu z'amashanyarazi cyangwa optique) hanyuma zigahinduka zijya ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu, ruzwi nka state excited. Ariko, electron zizwi nka state excited ntizihindagurika kandi amaherezo zizasubira ku rwego rwo hasi rw'ingufu, ruzwi nka state ground, nyuma y'igihe gito. Muri iki gikorwa, electron irekura fotoni, ari yo emission yihuta. Izo fotoni ziba zitunguranye mu buryo bw'inshuro, icyiciro, n'icyerekezo, bityo zikaba zidafite aho zihuriye.
Imyuka iva mu mubiri itera umwuka: Urufunguzo rwo gutuma habaho ibyuka bishyuha ni uko iyo electron ishyushye ihuye na fotoni ifite ingufu zijyanye n'ingufu zayo zo guhindura, fotoni ishobora gutuma electron isubira mu mimerere yo ku butaka mu gihe irekura fotoni nshya. fotoni nshya isa n'iya mbere mu bijyanye n'inshuro, icyiciro, n'icyerekezo cyo gukwirakwiza, bigatuma habaho urumuri ruhamye. Iki kintu cyongera cyane umubare n'ingufu bya fotoni kandi ni cyo kintu nyamukuru cya laser.
Ingaruka nziza ku ibyuka biva mu mubiri: Mu miterere ya laser, inzira yo gusohora imyuka ishyushye isubirwamo inshuro nyinshi, kandi iyi ngaruka nziza ishobora kongera umubare wa fotoni mu buryo bwimbitse. Hakoreshejwe umwobo utukura, imiterere ya fotoni irakomeza, kandi ubukana bw'urumuri bukomeza kwiyongera.
2. Inyungu iciriritse
Itsindainyungu iciriritseni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi kiri muri laser kigena ubwiyongere bwa fotoni n'umusaruro wa laser. Ni cyo shingiro ry'ibyuka bitera imbaraga, kandi imiterere yabyo igena ingano, uburebure bw'urumuri, n'imbaraga z'umusaruro wa laser. Ubwoko n'imiterere y'uburyo bwo gukura bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ikoreshwa n'imikorere ya laser.
Uburyo bwo gushyushya: Electron ziri mu buryo bwo gukurura zigomba gukururwa kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'ingufu n'isoko ry'ingufu ryo hanze. Ubusanzwe iyi nzira igerwaho n'uburyo bwo gutanga ingufu zo hanze. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukurura bugizwe na:
Pompe y'amashanyarazi: Gushimisha electrons mu buryo bwo gukusanya umusaruro hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi.
Pompe y'amatara: Gushimisha igikoresho gikoresha urumuri (nk'itara ry'urumuri cyangwa indi laser).
Sisitemu y'urwego rw'ingufu: Electron ziri mu buryo bwo gukusanya umusaruro zikunze gukwirakwizwa mu rugero runaka rw'ingufu. Izikunze kugaragara cyane nisisitemu z'urwego rubirinasisitemu z'urwego rune.Mu buryo bworoshye bw’ibice bibiri, electron zihinduka ziva mu mimerere yo hasi zijya mu mimerere yo gushyuha hanyuma zigasubira mu mimerere yo hasi binyuze mu ibyuka bishyushye. Mu buryo bw’ibice bine, electron zinyura mu mpinduka zikomeye hagati y’ibice bitandukanye by’ingufu, akenshi bigatera imikorere myiza cyane.
Ubwoko bw'Itangazamakuru ry'Ibyiza:
Inyungu ya Gazi IciriritseUrugero, laser za helium-neon (He-Ne). Ibyuma bikura umwuka bizwiho gutanga umusaruro uhamye n'uburebure bw'umurambararo buhamye, kandi bikoreshwa cyane nk'amasoko y'urumuri asanzwe muri laboratwari.
Inyungu y'amazi iri hagatiUrugero, lasers zo gushushanya. Molekile z'irangi zifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukurura mu miterere itandukanye y'uburebure bw'urumuri, bigatuma ziba nziza kuri lasers zishobora guhindurwa.
Inyungu Ikomeye HagatiUrugero, laser za Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet). Izi laser zirakora neza cyane kandi zifite imbaraga, kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikata, zisudira, ndetse no mu buvuzi.
Inyungu y'ibinyabutabire bya semiconductorUrugero, ibikoresho bya gallium arsenide (GaAs) bikoreshwa cyane mu itumanaho no mu bikoresho bya optoelectronic nka laser diodes.
3. Umwobo wa Resonator
Itsindaumwobo w'amajwini igice cy’imiterere ya laser gikoreshwa mu gusubiza no kongera imbaraga. Inshingano yayo y’ingenzi ni ukongera umubare wa fotoni zikorwa binyuze mu gukurura imyuka binyuze mu kuyigarura no kuyishyira mu mwanya wayo, bityo igatanga umusaruro ukomeye kandi wibanda kuri laser.
Imiterere y'Ubuso bw'Ikirahure: Ubusanzwe igizwe n'indorerwamo ebyiri zibangikanye. Imwe ni indorerwamo igaragara neza, izwi ku izina ryaindorerwamo y'inyuma, naho indi ni indorerwamo igaragara igice, izwi nkaindorerwamo isohokaFotoni zigaruka imbere no inyuma mu mwobo kandi zikongerwa binyuze mu gukorana n'uburyo bwo gukura.
Imiterere y'ihumure: Imiterere y'aho umwobo w'ikirahure ugomba kuba wujuje ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe, nko kwemeza ko fotoni zikora imiraba ihagaze imbere mu mwobo. Ibi bisaba ko uburebure bw'aho umwobo buba inshuro nyinshi z'uburebure bwa laser. Imiraba y'urumuri yujuje ibi bisabwa ni yo yonyine ishobora kongerwa neza imbere mu mwobo.
Umutara usohoka: Indorerwamo igarura urumuri igice kimwe yemerera igice cy'urumuri rwongerewemo imbaraga kunyuramo, bigatuma urumuri rusohoka rwa laser. Uyu murabyo ufite icyerekezo cyo hejuru, ubwumvikane, kandi ufite ishusho imwe..
Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi cyangwa ushishikajwe na laser, twandikire kuri:
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Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 18 Nzeri 2024