Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga rya optoelectronic, lazeri ya semiconductor yasanze ikoreshwa cyane mubice nkitumanaho, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, urwego rwa laser, gutunganya inganda, hamwe nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Intandaro yikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku ihuriro rya PN, rifite uruhare runini - ntabwo ari isoko y’imyuka ihumanya gusa ahubwo ni ishingiro ry’imikorere yicyo gikoresho. Iyi ngingo itanga incamake isobanutse yimiterere, amahame, nimirimo yingenzi yibikorwa bya PN mumashanyarazi ya semiconductor.
1. Ihuriro rya PN ni iki?
Ihuriro rya PN ni intera yakozwe hagati ya P-semiconductor na N-semiconductor:
P-ubwoko bwa semiconductor ikopororwa hamwe nu mwanda wakira, nka boron (B), bigatuma umwobo utwara ibintu byinshi.
Ubwoko bwa N-semiconductor bwuzuyemo umwanda w’abaterankunga, nka fosifore (P), bigatuma electron zitwara abantu benshi.
Iyo ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa P na N byahujwe, electron ziva mu karere ka N zikwirakwira mu karere ka P, naho ibyobo biva mu karere ka P bikwirakwira mu karere ka N-karere. Uku gukwirakwizwa kurema akarere kagabanuka aho electroni nu mwobo byongera guhurira hamwe, bigasigara inyuma ion zashizweho zikora umurima wamashanyarazi wimbere, uzwi nkuwubatswe muri bariyeri.
2. Uruhare rwihuza PN muri Lasers
(1) Gutera inshinge
Iyo lazeri ikora, ihuriro rya PN rijya imbere ribogamye: P-karere gahujwe na voltage nziza, na N-karere kuri voltage mbi. Ibi bihagarika umurima wamashanyarazi wimbere, bigatuma electron nu mwobo byinjizwa mukarere gakorera aho ihurira, aho bashobora kongera kwiyunga.
(2) Ibyuka byoroheje: Inkomoko yimyuka ihumanya
Mu karere gakora, inshinge za elegitoronike nu mwobo recombine no kurekura fotone. Mu ikubitiro, iyi nzira ni imyuka yanduye, ariko uko ubwinshi bwa fotone bwiyongera, fotone irashobora kongera imbaraga zo kongera kwiyubaka kwa elegitoroniki, ikarekura fotone yinyongera ifite icyiciro kimwe, icyerekezo, nimbaraga - ibi bitera imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Ubu buryo bugize urufatiro rwa lazeri (Amplification yumucyo na Stimulated Emission of Imirasire).
(3) Kunguka na Resonant Cavities Ifite Laser Ibisohoka
Kugirango hongerwe imyuka ihumanya ikirere, lazeri ya semiconductor irimo imyanda ya resonant kumpande zombi za PN. Mu gusohora ibyuma, urugero, ibi birashobora kugerwaho ukoresheje Ikwirakwizwa rya Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) cyangwa indorerwamo zerekana indorerwamo kugirango ugaragaze urumuri inyuma n'inyuma. Iyi mikorere ituma uburebure bwumucyo bwihariye bwongerwaho, amaherezo bikavamo guhuza cyane hamwe nicyerekezo cya laser gisohoka.
3. Imiterere ya PN Ihuza nuburyo bwiza bwo gukora
Ukurikije ubwoko bwa semiconductor laser, imiterere ya PN irashobora gutandukana:
Imikorere imwe (SH):
P-karere, N-karere, nakarere gakora bikozwe mubintu bimwe. Agace ka recombination ni kagari kandi ntigikora neza.
Kabiri Heterojunction (DH):
Gufunga umurongo mugari ukora neza ushyizwe hagati ya P- na N-uturere. Ibi bigarukira kubatwara na fotone, kuzamura imikorere neza.
Imiterere ya Quantum:
Koresha ultra-thin igaragara ikora kugirango igire ingaruka zo kwifungisha, kunoza ibiranga umuvuduko no guhinduka.
Izi nyubako zose zashizweho kugirango zongere imikorere yo gutera inshinge, kwiyubaka, no kohereza urumuri mukarere ka PN.
4. Umwanzuro
Ihuriro rya PN nukuri "umutima" wa laser ya semiconductor. Ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutera abitwara munsi yo kubogama ni imbarutso yibanze ya laser. Kuva mubishushanyo mbonera no guhitamo ibikoresho kugeza kugenzura foton, imikorere yibikoresho byose bya laser bizenguruka mugutezimbere PN ihuza.
Mugihe tekinoroji ya optoelectronic ikomeje gutera imbere, gusobanukirwa byimbitse kubijyanye na fiziki ya PN ntabwo byongera imikorere ya laser gusa ahubwo binashyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rwiterambere ryibisekuruza bizaza byimbaraga nyinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe nigiciro gito cya semiconductor.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-28-2025