Kwiyandikisha Mubitangazamakuru Byacu Kubyihuta
Mwisi yisi yihuta yiterambere ryikoranabuhanga, ikoreshwa rya lazeri ryagutse cyane, rihindura inganda zikoreshwa nko gukata lazeri, gusudira, gushyira ikimenyetso, no kwambara. Nyamara, uku kwaguka kwagaragaje icyuho kinini mu bijyanye no kumenya umutekano n’amahugurwa hagati y’aba injeniyeri n’abakozi ba tekinike, bituma abakozi benshi b’imbere bakwirakwiza imirasire ya lazeri batumva ingaruka zishobora guteza. Iyi ngingo igamije kwerekana akamaro ko guhugura umutekano wa lazeri, ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima ziterwa na lazeri, hamwe n’ingamba zuzuye zo gukingira abantu bakorana n’ikoranabuhanga rya lazeri.
Birakenewe cyane mumahugurwa yumutekano wa Laser
Amahugurwa yumutekano wa Laser nibyingenzi kumutekano wibikorwa no gukora neza byo gusudira laser hamwe nibisabwa bisa. Umucyo mwinshi, ubushyuhe, hamwe na gaze ishobora kwangiza ikorwa mugihe cya laser itera ingaruka kubuzima kubakoresha. Amahugurwa yumutekano yigisha abajenjeri nabakozi gukoresha neza ibikoresho birinda umuntu (PPE), nka goggles zo gukingira hamwe ningabo zo mu maso, hamwe ningamba zo kwirinda kwanduza lazeri itaziguye cyangwa itaziguye, bigatuma uburinzi bwiza bwamaso yabo nuruhu rwabo.
Sobanukirwa n'ingaruka za Laser
Ingaruka yibinyabuzima ya Laser
Lazeri irashobora kwangiza uruhu rukomeye, bisaba kurinda uruhu. Ariko, impungenge yibanze ni kwangirika kwamaso. Lazeri ishobora kuganisha ku bushyuhe, acoustic, na Photochemical effects:
Ubushyuhe:Gutanga ubushyuhe no kubyakira birashobora gutera uruhu n'amaso.
Acoustic: Amashanyarazi ya mashini arashobora kuganisha kumyuka yumubiri no kwangirika kwinyama.
Amafoto: Uburebure bumwebumwe burashobora gukurura imiti, bishobora gutera cataracte, corneal cyangwa retina yaka, kandi bikongera ibyago byo kurwara kanseri yuruhu.
Ingaruka zuruhu zirashobora gutandukana kuva umutuku woroheje nububabare kugeza kurwego rwa gatatu rwaka, ukurikije icyiciro cya laser, igihe impiswi yamara, igipimo cyo gusubiramo, nuburebure bwumuraba.
| Urwego | Ingaruka z'indwara |
| 180-315nm (UV-B, UV-C) | Photokeratitis ni nkizuba, ariko bibaho kuri cornea yijisho. |
| 315-400nm (UV-A) | Cataracte ya Photochemiki (igicu cy'ijisho ry'amaso) |
| 400-780nm (Biboneka) | Kwangirika kwa Photochemiki kuri retina, bizwi kandi ko gutwika retina, bibaho mugihe retina yakomerekejwe numucyo. |
| 780-1400nm (Hafi-IR) | Cataract, gutwika retina |
| 1.4-3.0μm (IR) | Amazi yo mu mazi (proteyine mu rwenya rwo mu mazi), cataracte, gutwika corneal Amazi yaka ni mugihe poroteyine igaragara mumaso yo gusetsa y'amazi. Indwara ya cataracte ni igicu cy'ijisho ryijisho, kandi gutwika corneal byangiza cornea, imbere yijisho. |
| 3.0μm-1mm | Gutwika |
Kwangirika kw'amaso, guhangayikishwa cyane, biratandukana bitewe nubunini bwabanyeshuri, pigmentation, igihe impiswi, nuburebure bwumuraba. Uburebure butandukanye bwinjira mubice bitandukanye byamaso, bigatera kwangirika kwa cornea, lens, cyangwa retina. Ubushobozi bwijisho ryijisho ryongera cyane ubwinshi bwingufu kuri retina, bigatuma imikoreshereze mike ihagije itera kwangirika gukabije, bigatuma kugabanuka cyangwa guhuma bigabanuka.
Uruhu
Laser ihura nuruhu irashobora kuvamo gutwikwa, guhubuka, ibisebe, no guhindura pigment, bishobora kwangiza ingirangingo. Uburebure butandukanye bwinjira mubwimbitse butandukanye mubice byuruhu.
Umutekano wa Laser
GB72471.1-2001
GB7247.1-2001, yiswe "Umutekano wibicuruzwa bya lazeri - Igice cya 1: Ibyiciro by’ibikoresho, ibisabwa, n’ubuyobozi bw’abakoresha," bishyiraho amabwiriza agenga ibyiciro by’umutekano, ibisabwa, n’ubuyobozi ku bakoresha ku bicuruzwa bya laser. Iri hame ryashyizwe mu bikorwa ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2002, rigamije kurinda umutekano mu nzego zinyuranye zikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya laser, nko mu nganda, ubucuruzi, imyidagaduro, ubushakashatsi, uburezi, ndetse n’ubuvuzi. Ariko, yasimbuwe na GB 7247.1-2012(Igishinwa) ((Kode y'Ubushinwa) ((Gufungura).
GB18151-2000
GB18151-2000, izwi ku izina rya "Laser guard", yibanze ku bisobanuro n'ibisabwa kuri ecran ikingira laser ikoreshwa mu kuzitira ahakorerwa imashini zitunganya lazeri. Izi ngamba zo gukingira zirimo ibisubizo byigihe kirekire nigihe gito nkumwenda wa laser hamwe nurukuta kugirango umutekano ube mubikorwa. Igipimo cyatanzwe ku ya 2 Nyakanga 2000, gishyirwa mu bikorwa ku ya 2 Mutarama 2001, nyuma gisimburwa na GB / T 18151-2008. Byakoreshejwe mubice bitandukanye bigize ecran ikingira, harimo ecran na Windows bigaragara neza, bigamije gusuzuma no kugereranya ibintu birinda izo ecran (Kode y'Ubushinwa) ((Gufungura) ((Antpedia).
GB18217-2000
GB18217-2000, yiswe "Ibimenyetso byumutekano wa Laser," yashyizeho umurongo ngenderwaho kumiterere shingiro, ibimenyetso, amabara, ibipimo, inyandiko isobanura, nuburyo bukoreshwa kubimenyetso byagenewe kurinda abantu kwangirika kwimirasire ya laser. Byakoreshwaga kubicuruzwa bya laser hamwe nibicuruzwa bya laser bikorerwa, bikoreshwa, kandi bikabungabungwa. Iri hame ryashyizwe mu bikorwa ku ya 1 Kamena 2001, ariko kuva ryasimbuwe na GB 2894-2008, "Ibimenyetso by’umutekano n’amabwiriza yo gukoresha," guhera ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2009(Kode y'Ubushinwa) ((Gufungura) ((Antpedia).
Ibyiciro byangiza
Lazeri ishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije ingaruka zishobora kwangiza amaso yumuntu nuruhu. Inganda zifite ingufu nyinshi zisohora imirasire itagaragara (harimo na lazeri ya semiconductor na CO2) bitera ingaruka zikomeye. Ibipimo byumutekano bitondekanya sisitemu zose za laser, hamwelaseribisubizo bikunze kugaragara nkicyiciro cya 4, byerekana urwego rwinshi rwibyago. Mubikurikira, tuzaganira kubyiciro byumutekano wa laser kuva mucyiciro cya 1 kugeza mucyiciro cya 4.
Icyiciro cya 1 Ibicuruzwa
Icyiciro cya 1 laser ifatwa nkumutekano kuri buriwese gukoresha no kureba mubihe bisanzwe. Ibi bivuze ko utazababazwa no kureba lazeri itaziguye cyangwa ukoresheje ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gukuza nka telesikopi cyangwa microscopes. Ibipimo byumutekano bigenzure ukoresheje amategeko yihariye yerekeranye nubunini bwa laser urumuri nuburyo ugomba kuba kure kugirango ubirebe neza. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko laseri zimwe zo mucyiciro cya 1 zishobora kuba mbi mugihe urebye ukoresheje ibirahure bikomeye cyane kuko bishobora gukusanya urumuri rwa laser kuruta uko byari bisanzwe. Rimwe na rimwe, ibicuruzwa nka CD cyangwa DVD byerekanwa nkicyiciro cya 1 kuko bifite lazeri ikomeye imbere, ariko bikozwe muburyo ntamucyo wangiza ushobora gusohoka mugihe gikoreshwa bisanzwe.
Icyiciro cya 1 Laser:Erbium Yerekanwe Ikirahure, L1535 Module
Icyiciro cya 1M Ibicuruzwa
Lazeri yo mu cyiciro cya 1M muri rusange ifite umutekano kandi ntishobora kwangiza amaso yawe mugukoresha bisanzwe, bivuze ko ushobora kuyikoresha nta kurinda bidasanzwe. Ariko, iyi mpinduka niba ukoresheje ibikoresho nka microscopes cyangwa telesikopi kugirango urebe laser. Ibi bikoresho birashobora kwibanda kumurongo wa lazeri kandi bigakomera kuruta ibifatwa nkumutekano. Icyiciro cya 1M laseri ifite ibiti bigari cyane cyangwa bikwirakwijwe. Mubisanzwe, urumuri ruva muri lazeri ntirurenga urwego rwumutekano iyo rwinjiye mumaso yawe. Ariko niba ukoresheje magnificique optique, irashobora kwegeranya urumuri rwinshi mumaso yawe, birashobora guteza ibyago. Rero, mugihe urumuri rutaziguye rwo mucyiciro cya 1M rufite umutekano, kurukoresha hamwe na optique birashobora gutuma biteza akaga, bisa nibyago byinshi byo mu cyiciro cya 3B.
Icyiciro cya 2 Ibicuruzwa
Lazeri yo mu cyiciro cya 2 ifite umutekano kugirango ikoreshwe kuko ikora muburyo umuntu aramutse atabishaka akareba lazeri, imyitwarire yabo isanzwe yo guhumbya cyangwa kureba kure yamatara yaka izabarinda. Ubu buryo bwo kurinda bukora kumasegonda 0.25. Izi lazeri ziri gusa muburyo bugaragara, buri hagati ya 400 na 700 nanometero muburebure. Bafite ingufu zingana na miliwatt 1 (mW) niba zisohora urumuri ubudahwema. Birashobora gukomera mugihe basohoye urumuri munsi yamasegonda 0.25 icyarimwe cyangwa niba urumuri rwabo rutibanze. Ariko, kwirinda nkana guhumbya cyangwa kureba kure ya lazeri bishobora kuviramo kwangirika. Ibikoresho nka laser pointers hamwe nibikoresho bipima intera ikoresha icyiciro cya 2.
Icyiciro cya 2M Ibicuruzwa
Icyiciro cya 2M laser isanzwe ifatwa nkumutekano kumaso yawe kubera refleks naturel yawe isanzwe, igufasha kwirinda kureba amatara yaka igihe kirekire. Ubu bwoko bwa lazeri, busa nicyiciro cya 1M, butanga urumuri rwagutse cyane cyangwa rugakwirakwira vuba, bikagabanya urumuri rwa laser rwinjira mumaso binyuze mumashuri kugeza kurwego rwumutekano, ukurikije ibipimo byicyiciro cya 2. Nyamara, uyu mutekano urakurikizwa gusa niba udakoresha ibikoresho bya optique nka magnificate ibirahure cyangwa telesikopi kugirango urebe laser. Niba ukoresheje ibikoresho nkibi, birashobora kwibanda kumatara ya laser kandi birashobora kongera ibyago mumaso yawe.
Icyiciro cya 3R Ibicuruzwa
Laser yo mu cyiciro cya 3R isaba kubyitondera neza kuko mugihe bifite umutekano ugereranije, kureba neza murumuri birashobora guteza akaga. Ubu bwoko bwa lazeri burashobora gutanga urumuri rwinshi kuruta uko rufatwa nkumutekano rwose, ariko amahirwe yo gukomeretsa aracyafatwa nkaho ari witonze. Kuri laseri ushobora kubona (mumucyo ugaragara yumucyo), Laser yo mucyiciro cya 3R igarukira kumashanyarazi ntarengwa ya miliwatt 5 (mW). Hariho imipaka itandukanye yumutekano kuri laseri yubundi burebure bwumurambararo no kuri laseri ya pulsed, ishobora kwemerera umusaruro mwinshi mubihe byihariye. Urufunguzo rwo gukoresha laser yo mu cyiciro cya 3R neza ni ukwirinda kureba neza urumuri no gukurikiza amabwiriza yumutekano yatanzwe.
Icyiciro cya 3B Ibicuruzwa
Lazeri yo mu cyiciro cya 3B irashobora guteza akaga iyo ikubise ijisho, ariko niba urumuri rwa lazeri ruvuye hejuru yimpapuro, ntabwo byangiza. Kuri lazeri ikomeza ikorera murwego runaka (kuva kuri nanometero 315 kugeza kuri infragre ya kure), imbaraga zemewe ni igice cya watt (0.5 W). Kuri laseri ihindagurika kandi ikazimya mu mucyo ugaragara (metero 400 kugeza kuri 700), ntibigomba kurenza milijoules 30 (mJ) kuri pulse. Amategeko atandukanye abaho kuri laseri yubundi bwoko no kuri pulses ngufi cyane. Iyo ukoresheje laser yo mu cyiciro cya 3B, mubisanzwe ugomba kwambara ibirahure birinda kugirango amaso yawe arinde umutekano. Izi lazeri nazo zigomba kugira urufunguzo rwingenzi nugufunga umutekano kugirango wirinde gukoresha impanuka. Nubwo laseri yo mucyiciro cya 3B iboneka mubikoresho nka CD n'abanditsi ba DVD, ibyo bikoresho bifatwa nk'icyiciro cya 1 kuko lazeri irimo imbere kandi ntishobora guhunga.
Icyiciro cya 4 Ibicuruzwa bya Laser
Icyiciro cya 4 laseri nubwoko bukomeye kandi buteye akaga. Zirakomeye kurenza lazeri zo mu cyiciro cya 3B kandi zirashobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye nko gutwika uruhu cyangwa kwangiza amaso ahoraho biturutse kumurabyo uwo ariwo wose, haba muburyo butaziguye, bugaragara, cyangwa butatanye. Izi lazeri zirashobora no gutangira umuriro iyo zikubise ikintu cyaka. Kubera izo ngaruka, laseri yo mucyiciro cya 4 isaba ibintu bikomeye byumutekano, harimo urufunguzo rufunguzo hamwe nugufunga umutekano. Bikunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda, siyanse, igisirikare, nubuvuzi. Kubikoresho byubuvuzi, ni ngombwa kumenya intera yumutekano hamwe n’ahantu hirindwa ingaruka z’amaso. Harakenewe ingamba zidasanzwe zo gucunga no kugenzura urumuri kugirango wirinde impanuka.
Akarango Urugero rwa Fibre Fibre Laser Kuva LumiSpot
Nigute ushobora kwirinda ibyago bya laser
Dore ibisobanuro byoroshye byuburyo bwo kurinda neza ibyago bya laser, byateguwe ninshingano zitandukanye:
Kubakora Laser:
Ntibagomba gutanga ibikoresho bya lazeri gusa (nk'ibikoresho bya lazeri, gusudira intoki, hamwe n'imashini zerekana ibimenyetso) ariko banatanga ibikoresho byingenzi byumutekano nka goggles, ibimenyetso byumutekano, amabwiriza yo gukoresha neza, nibikoresho byamahugurwa byumutekano. Nibice byinshingano zabo kugirango abakoresha babe bafite umutekano kandi babimenyeshejwe.
Kubaterankunga:
Amazu akingira hamwe n’ibyumba by’umutekano bya Laser: Buri gikoresho cya lazeri kigomba kugira amazu akingira kugira ngo abantu badahura n’imirasire y’akaga.
Inzitizi n’umutekano uhuza: Ibikoresho bigomba kugira inzitizi n’umutekano kugirango wirinde guhura n’urwego rwangiza.
Abagenzuzi b'ingenzi: Sisitemu yashyizwe mu cyiciro cya 3B na 4 igomba kugira abagenzuzi b'ingenzi kugirango bagabanye kwinjira no gukoresha, umutekano.
Kubakoresha Impera:
Ubuyobozi: Lazeri igomba gukoreshwa ninzobere zahuguwe gusa. Abakozi badahuguwe ntibagomba kubikoresha.
Guhindura urufunguzo: Shyiramo urufunguzo rwibanze kubikoresho bya laser kugirango urebe ko bishobora gukoreshwa gusa nurufunguzo, byongera umutekano.
Kumurika no Gushyira: Menya neza ko ibyumba bifite lazeri bifite amatara yaka kandi ko lazeri ishyirwa murwego rwo hejuru kandi rwirinda guhuma amaso.
Kugenzura Ubuvuzi:
Abakozi bakoresha lazeri yo mu cyiciro cya 3B na 4 bagomba kwisuzumisha kwa buri gihe n'abakozi babishoboye kugirango babungabunge umutekano wabo.
Umutekano wa LaserAmahugurwa:
Abakoresha bagomba guhugurwa kubikorwa bya sisitemu ya laser, kurinda umuntu ku giti cye, uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyago, gukoresha ibimenyetso byo kuburira, kumenyesha ibyabaye, no gusobanukirwa n'ingaruka zishingiye ku binyabuzima bya lazeri ku maso no ku ruhu.
Ingamba zo kugenzura:
Igenzura cyane ikoreshwa rya lazeri, cyane cyane ahantu abantu bahari, kugirango wirinde impanuka, cyane cyane kumaso.
Kuburira abantu muri kariya gace mbere yo gukoresha laseri zifite ingufu nyinshi kandi urebe ko buriwese yambara ijisho ririnda.
Shyira ibimenyetso byo kuburira no gukorera ahakorerwa imirimo ya laser no kwinjira kugirango werekane ko hari ingaruka za laser.
Uturere tugenzurwa na Laser:
Gabanya gukoresha laser ahantu runaka, hagenzurwa.
Koresha abarinzi b'inzugi hamwe nugukingira umutekano kugirango wirinde kwinjira utabifitiye uburenganzira, urebe ko laseri ihagarika gukora niba imiryango ifunguye muburyo butunguranye.
Irinde kugaragara hejuru ya laseri kugirango wirinde urumuri rushobora kugirira nabi abantu.
Gukoresha Iburira n'ibimenyetso byumutekano:
Shira ibimenyetso byo kuburira hanze no kugenzura ibikoresho bya laser kugirango werekane ingaruka zishobora kugaragara.
Ibirango byumutekanoIbicuruzwa bya Laser:
1. Ibikoresho byose bya laser bigomba kuba bifite ibirango byumutekano byerekana umuburo, ibyiciro byimirasire, hamwe nimirasire isohoka.
2.Ibirango bigomba gushyirwa aho bigaragara byoroshye utiriwe uhura nimirasire ya laser.
Wambare ibirahuri byumutekano bya Laser kugirango urinde amaso yawe Laser
Ibikoresho byo kurinda umuntu (PPE) kumutekano wa laser bikoreshwa nkuburyo bwa nyuma mugihe ubwubatsi nubuyobozi budashobora kugabanya byimazeyo ingaruka. Ibi birimo ibirahuri byumutekano bya laser hamwe n imyenda:
Ikirahure cyumutekano cya Laser kirinda amaso yawe kugabanya imirasire ya laser. Bagomba kuba bujuje ibisabwa:
ErtByemejwe kandi byashyizweho ikimenyetso ukurikije amahame yigihugu.
UBikwiriye ubwoko bwa laser, uburebure bwumurongo, uburyo bwo gukora (burigihe cyangwa pulsed), hamwe nimbaraga zamashanyarazi.
MarkedByanditse neza kugirango ufashe guhitamo ibirahuri bikwiye kuri laser yihariye.
FrameIkadiri ninkinzo zo kuruhande bigomba gutanga uburinzi.
Ni ngombwa gukoresha ubwoko bwiza bwikirahure cyumutekano kugirango urinde lazeri yihariye mukorana, urebye ibiyiranga nibidukikije urimo.
Nyuma yo gushyira mubikorwa ingamba z'umutekano, niba amaso yawe ashobora kuba agifite imirasire ya laser hejuru yumupaka utekanye, ugomba gukoresha ibirahuri birinda bihuye nuburebure bwumurambararo wa laser kandi bifite ubucucike bukwiye bwo kurinda amaso yawe.
Ntukishingikirize gusa ibirahure byumutekano; ntuzigere ureba mu buryo butaziguye urumuri rwa laser nubwo wambara.
Guhitamo imyenda irinda Laser:
Tanga imyenda ikingira abakozi bahuye nimirasire hejuru yurwego ntarengwa rwo kwemererwa (MPE) kuruhu; ibi bifasha kugabanya uruhu.
Imyenda igomba gukorwa mubikoresho birwanya umuriro kandi birinda ubushyuhe.
Intego yo gupfuka uruhu runini rushoboka hamwe nibikoresho birinda.
Nigute warinda uruhu rwawe ibyangiritse:
Wambare imyenda y'akazi maremare ikozwe mubikoresho bya flame-retardant.
Mu bice bigenzurwa no gukoresha lazeri, shyiramo umwenda hamwe na panne yo kuzimya urumuri bikozwe mu bikoresho bya flame-retardant bikozwe mu bikoresho bya silikoni yumukara cyangwa ubururu kugirango bikuremo imirasire ya UV no guhagarika urumuri rwa infragre, bityo urinde uruhu imirasire ya laser.
Ni ngombwa guhitamo ibikoresho bikingira umuntu (PPE) kandi ukabikoresha neza kugirango umenye umutekano mugihe ukorana na lazeri. Ibi birimo gusobanukirwa ingaruka zihariye zijyanye nubwoko butandukanye bwa laseri no gufata comprehkwitondera kurinda amaso yombi nuruhu byangirika.
Umwanzuro n'incamake
Inshingano:
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-08-2024